### Summary
Incumbent companies in the US have experienced little disruption from new challengers despite the pace of change and technological advancements. Factors such as inertia, regulatory barriers, and the ability of incumbents to adapt and invest in innovation have contributed to their continued dominance.
### Facts
- Only 52 out of the Fortune 500 companies were born after 1990, indicating a lack of new entrants in the internet era.
- The average age of firms in the Fortune 500 has increased from 75 in 1990 to 90, showing a slower rate of new corporate giants.
- Low customer switching rates and regulatory complexities have made it difficult for disrupters to gain traction in industries like banking and insurance.
- Incumbents like Walmart and General Motors have successfully adapted to digital disruptions and invested large sums in reinventing their businesses.
- Large firms with ample resources and research capabilities, such as tech companies, drive innovation through significant R&D investments.
- Established companies often acquire innovative startups to enhance their own offerings, resulting in a high number of venture-capital exits through acquisitions.
- Demographic changes, including a decline in the population of young people, have contributed to a decrease in new business formation rates in the US.
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