Rupee’s plunge fuelling inflation, economic concerns
The consistent devaluation of the Pakistani rupee is causing inflation and forcing the central bank to raise interest rates, leading to concerns about the economy and market confidence.
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Posted 8/31/2023, 2:11:18 AM
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The Pakistani rupee has reached a historic low of 300.37 against the US dollar in the interbank market due to increased demand and a dollar liquidity crunch caused by dropping exports and remittances, with experts suggesting that the interbank market is trying to catch up with the kerb market.
The depreciating exchange rate of the Pakistani rupee against the US dollar is leading to a potential economic disaster, with increased inflation, higher prices for petroleum and fuel, and a rise in poverty and unemployment.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman emphasized that controlling inflation is the government's priority for sustained economic growth, expressing the need to manage supply side factors along with interest rates, and mentioned that India's GDP numbers for the first quarter are expected to be positive.
Despite concerns over rising deficits and debt, central banks globally have been buying government debt to combat deflationary forces, which has kept interest rates low and prevented a rise in rates as deficits increase; therefore, the assumption that interest rates must go higher may be incorrect.
The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia believes that the US central bank has already raised interest rates enough to bring inflation down to pre-pandemic levels of around 2%.
The spike in retail inflation has raised uncertainty for investors and savers, with expectations of interest rate cuts being pushed to the next fiscal year and the possibility of a rate hike. The Reserve Bank of India projects inflation to stay above 5% until the first quarter of 2024-25, and food price pressures are expected to persist. While inflation may impact stock market returns, gold and bank deposit rates are expected to remain steady.
Short-term inflation in Pakistan increased by 25.34% on a year-on-year basis due to a surge in prices of kitchen items, although it decelerated from the previous week's rate of increase.
The Pakistani rupee weakened further against the US dollar in the interbank market due to higher demand and uncertainty, while the open market remained stable; however, insiders noted that currency dealers were selling the dollar at higher rates in the open market.
The rupee's decline against the US dollar is being attributed to the powerful influence of the grey market and the International Monetary Fund's involvement in Pakistan's financial system, leading to a loss of control over the exchange rate and economic uncertainties.
India's inflation must be brought within the central bank's tolerance band before the war on inflation can be relaxed, according to a member of the monetary policy committee, who also expects inflation to resume its downward trajectory in the next quarter.
The Pakistani rupee has fallen below 300 to a US dollar due to factors such as the rise of the dollar, uncertainty surrounding general elections, and a political/judicial/constitutional crisis, resulting in eroded business confidence, increased inflation, and reduced industrial output.
The relentless surge in pressure on the exchange rate and price level in Pakistan over the past two and a half years can be attributed to serious malfunctions on the balance of payments and fiscal accounts, which have thrown the monetary aggregates far from their projected path to stability. This has led to inflation and exchange rate pressure, and traditional IMF-mandated adjustments alone may not be enough to resolve the situation.
The Federal Reserve's preferred inflation gauge increased slightly in July, suggesting that the fight against inflation may be challenging, but the absence of worse news indicates that officials are likely to maintain interest rates.
Pakistan's inflation rate remained above target in August at 27.4%, driven by reforms linked to an IMF loan that have fueled price pressures and declines in the rupee currency.
The recent bloodbath in the stock market and worsening economic conditions in Pakistan are attributed to electoral uncertainty, depreciating rupee, and concerns over inflation and interest rates.
The current economic crisis in Pakistan is driven by high inflation, mismanaged policies, and failure to ensure price stability, leading to a weakened currency and a struggling middle class, but implementing radical reforms such as demonetization and swapping out foreign currency debt can potentially alleviate the situation and revive the economy.
The U.S. is currently experiencing a prolonged high inflation cycle that is causing significant damage to the purchasing power of the currency, and the recent lower inflation rate is misleading as it ignores the accumulated harm; in order to combat this cycle, the Federal Reserve needs to raise interest rates higher than the inflation rate and reverse its bond purchases.
The Federal Reserve is considering whether to raise interest rates even higher to combat inflation, but some policymakers, like Raphael Bostic, believe it is unnecessary and advocate for keeping the rates at their current level until 2024.
Wall Street banks are revising their outlooks for Turkish interest rates as inflation rises faster than expected, with JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley, and Bank of America suggesting that borrowing costs may need to rise higher or quicker in response to the surge in price growth.
The rupee rebounded in the open market as a crackdown on the informal currency market helped narrow the gap between interbank and open-market rates, bringing it closer to the IMF's target of 1.25%. The State Bank of Pakistan has also introduced structural reforms for exchange firms and increased the minimum capital requirement, while ordering banks to set up separate entities for forex transactions.
Inflation has decreased significantly in recent months, but the role of the Federal Reserve in this decline is questionable as there is little evidence to suggest that higher interest rates led to lower prices and curtailed demand or employment. Other factors such as falling energy prices and the healing of disrupted supply chains appear to have had a larger impact on slowing inflation.
Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem suggests that interest rates may not be high enough to bring inflation back down to target, emphasizing the need for further restrictive monetary policy to restore price stability.
The Pakistani rupee's rise against the dollar is attributed to a crackdown on hoarding and illegal outflows of the greenback as well as increased vigilance in the Afghan transit trade.
Pakistan's central bank is expected to raise interest rates to address inflation and bolster foreign exchange reserves, following a series of rate hikes earlier this year in response to economic and political crises.
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies experienced fluctuations following the release of U.S. inflation data, signaling a potential impact of higher interest rates on digital currencies.
The Pakistani rupee has depreciated significantly in the first three weeks of the interim government's tenure, reaching a record low and making it the worst-performing Asian currency this quarter, due to factors such as a change in government and high inflation. The State Bank of Pakistan is implementing measures to address the economic challenges, including reforming the exchange rate and modernizing the banking system.
Stronger-than-expected U.S. economic data, including a rise in producer prices and retail sales, has sparked concerns about sticky inflation and has reinforced the belief that the Federal Reserve will keep interest rates higher for longer.
The State Bank of Pakistan has announced that it will maintain its key policy rate at 22%, citing a continuing declining trend in inflation, improved agricultural outlook, and recent administrative and regulatory measures to address supply constraints and illegal activity. The bank hopes that inflation will subsequently decline in October.
The unprecedented increase in fuel prices in Pakistan is expected to cause a significant rise in inflation, with the Consumer Price Index projected to reach as high as 30% to 32% in September 2023.
The Federal Reserve faces the challenge of bringing down inflation to its target of 2 percent, with differing opinions on whether they will continue to raise interest rates or pause due to weakening economic indicators such as drops in mortgage rates and auto sales.
The Federal Reserve is expected to keep interest rates steady and signal that it is done raising rates for this economic cycle, as the bond market indicates that inflation trends are moving in the right direction.
The U.S. Federal Reserve kept interest rates steady but left room for potential rate hikes, as they see progress in fighting inflation and aim to bring it down to the target level of 2 percent; however, officials projected a higher growth rate of 2.1 percent for this year and suggested that core inflation will hit 3.7 percent this year before falling in 2024 and reaching the target range by 2026.
Central banks, including the US Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, and Bank of England, have pledged to maintain higher interest rates for an extended period to combat inflation and achieve global economic stability, despite concerns about the strength of the Chinese economy and geopolitical tensions.
Central banks around the world may have reached the peak of interest rate hikes in their effort to control inflation, as data suggests that major economies have turned a corner on price rises and core inflation is declining in the US, UK, and EU. However, central banks remain cautious and warn that rates may need to remain high for a longer duration, and that oil price rallies could lead to another spike in inflation. Overall, economists believe that the global monetary policy tightening cycle is nearing its end, with many central banks expected to cut interest rates in the coming year.
The Federal Reserve's measure of inflation is disconnected from market conditions, increasing the likelihood of a recession, according to Duke University finance professor Campbell Harvey. If the central bank continues to raise interest rates based on this flawed inflation gauge, the severity of the economic downturn could worsen.
Federal Reserve policymakers Governor Michelle Bowman and Boston Fed President Susan Collins expressed the need to keep interest rates elevated to combat inflation, with Bowman suggesting further rate hikes will likely be needed to bring inflation down to the Fed's 2% target and Collins stating that further tightening is not off the table as progress in battling inflation has been slow.